文化研究的實作:Richard Johnson經典研讀會: 1025之後

2008-10-26

1025之後

大家好,

謝謝昨天至文藻,第二次讀書會近乎三十人,有不少非學院的參與者提供有趣的問題及想法,
也多謝劉俊裕的導讀,讓我們一開始有不少問題意識地,幫助大家進入討論,
巨擘、世文、南生、右君、錦旭、力軒、揚騰等人的見解,增加我們許多思考的可能性。感謝。

由於本讀書是開放的,我喜歡,也希望日後大家多帶人來,不必客氣,請巨擘、懷宣及俊裕老師們,將我這封信轉寄給你們邀請來的朋友,http://richardjohnsonreadinggroup.blogspot.com/如可以,提供他們的聯絡信箱給我,加到讀書會的群組中,

如之前提到,我會陸續將導讀內容及討論問題放至部落格上,所以,麻煩導讀者可以整理好的內容寄給我,我將請助理再處理,

其次,日後每次的導讀者,如果希望增刪內容,或想到不同導讀的形式、時間或地點,可告知我來協調,...以導讀者為主,故,下次開會的地點及時間,原則上尊重巨擘老師的決定。

也請尚未來本讀書會的朋友,有空來聊聊。

Kind regards,Yu-Hsuan Lee 宇軒

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文化研究的實作：Richard Johnson經典研讀會

理查江森成名於英國文化研究的重鎮-伯明罕文化研究中心(The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies - CCCS),接繼Richard Hoggart、Stuart Hall,由1980年到1987年任CCCS第三代主任。他從在CCCS任教，就一直致力於文化研究的實踐，特別是文化研究和成人教育或工人教育之間的連結。將文化研究由單純的學術討論，擴展到成人教育或其他有關剔除社會不平等的實踐活動，一直是台灣文化研究學界所欠缺的。因此，我們計畫以研讀江森的著作做為開始，並進而反省文化研究在台灣發展的情境。本系明年也計畫邀請江森到台灣南部訪問一個月，進一步將本讀書會延伸為和江森的對話。
首先,本讀書會期望由檢視他至今著作,深入瞭解文化研究的歷史與他個人畢生努力的社會實踐,如成人教育的傳統等。同時，我們也會涉及Raymond Williams和E. P. Thompson等人有關成人教育的部分文章。
其次,本讀書會透過細讀這位英國文化研究領域中指標性學者的著作,期許使台灣學界重新瞭解到江森強調文化研究作為一門跨學科的規範,必須由實作中加以理解,相信這目標對於台灣當今教育界及社會人文研究會有所啟示。
此外,也藉著讀書會的形式,使台灣不同學科、地區的學者及學子有機會進行交流與對話,重點將呼應江森做文化研究的核心要旨,大致包括當前關注的研究課題、論述、研究方法及教學問題。因此，本讀書會的成員來自七個學校，成員的學術背景更橫跨社會學、文學、歷史、教育、公衛、傳播等學科。
最終將以多元的取向深化讀書會的內容及形式,例一是以編譯的方式出版成專書,例二是擴大組成文化研究的論壇,特別將於2009年春季邀請理查江森到台灣,並針對當代的論述分析、成人教育、社區工作等議題，和理查江森本人做對話。希望可以藉由江森在英國的實作經驗，比較、觀察英國和台灣在這些方面上實作經驗的異同，並為台灣的實作經驗尋找理論的基礎和指引。

參與者:師資與研究生

李宇軒文藻外語學院國際事務系 (連絡人)
blue95_7399@msn.com
0930190709

林朝成成功大學中文系
chaochen@mail.ncku.edu.tw

陳巨擘政治大學出版社
高雄市社區大學促進會理事長
jpchen@nccu.edu.tw

李錦旭屏東教育大學社發系
sm1215@ms35.hinet.net;
sm1215@mail.npue.edu.tw；
研究室08-7226141轉8752 手機0953-086403

王御風台南科技大學；高雄文藻外語學院 w2308955@ms15.hinet.net；0926-279052

陳麗光成功大學老人學研究所
likuang@gmail.com

董克景東華大學族群傳播系
y120215767@yahoo.com.tw

鄭力軒中山大學社會學研究所
lhcheng@soc.duke.edu

江政寬中山大學通識中心
lacapra_2001@yahoo.com.tw

王右君成大台灣文學系
yowjiun@mail.ncku.edu.tw

王麗芬成大博物館協理
em63020@email.ncku.edu.tw

劉俊裕文藻外語學院國際事務系
jerryliu@mail.wtuc.edu.tw‎

陳惠敏東海大學社會系博士候選人
文化研究執行編輯,文化研究學會前秘書長
0937-147-654
huimin1972@gmail.com

吳懷宣文藻外語學院傳播藝術系
wuhwaihsuan@gmail.com

何明修中山大學社會學研究所
mingshoho@gmail.com

劉正元高師大台灣文化與語言研究所所長

王如賢成功大學歷史系碩士
hmf2368@yahoo.com.tw

李易昆蘆荻社區大學主任
powpee@gmail.com‎

李文環高師大台灣文化與語言研究所

邱毓斌高雄市NGO工作者工會研究員
英國艾塞克斯大學社會系博士候選人
mrshbin@ms77.hinet.net‎

張世文劍橋大學歷史系博士候選人
boon45718@gmail.com

劉秋兒豆皮文藝咖啡館、行走的學校負責人
http://blog.xuite.net/dogpig.art/xox333

張金玉崑山科技大學視傳系
高雄市社區大學促進會常務理事

吳復華

翁裕峰
成大公衛所

進度規劃

9/27(六) 1400-1700 Reading for the Best Marx: History-Writing and Historical Abstraction(馬克思主義對江森研究方法及對資本看法的影響 )

10/25(六) 1400-1700 'What is Cultural Studies Anyway?' (文化研究的跨學科取向)

11/22(六) 1400-1700 '"Really Useful Knowledge": Counter Education - The Early Working-Class Tradition (批判教育學)

12/27(六) 1400-1700 Unpopular Education: Schooling and Social Democracy in England since 1944

1/24(六) 1400-1700 Washington's Favourite: Blairism and the Blood Price of the International.

2/21(六) 1400-1700 Education Limited: Schooling, Training and the New Right since 1979(新右派、教育政策及社會民主)

3/21(六) 1400-1700 'Post-Hegemony? I Don’t Think So'

經典書目

1976-77. '"Really Useful Knowledge": Counter Education - The Early Working-Class Tradition, 179O -1848', Radical Education, No. 7 Winter, pp. 2O - 23 and No 8, Spring, pp. 22 - 24.

1980. Education Group (CCCS), Unpopular Education: Schooling and Social Democracy in England since 1944, Hutchinson (Joint editor of whole text; wrote main drafts of Chapters 1,2,4,6 & 7).

1990. Birmingham Cultural Studies (Education Group II), Education Limited: Schooling, Training and the New Right since 1979, Unwin Hyman. Johnson was the main editor for this volume and wrote:

(i) 'A New Road to Serfdom? A Critical History of the 1988 Education Act'
(ii) 'My New Right Education'
(iii) 'Ten Theses on a Monday Morning'

1982. 'Reading for the Best Marx: History-Writing and Historical Abstraction', pp. 153 - 2O1. In Richard Johnson, Gregor McLennan, Bill Schwarz and David Sutton (eds.), Making Histories: Studies in the Politics of History Writing, Hutchinson, 378pp. Also published, with an introduction by Mary Jo Maynes, by University of Minnesota Press in USA.

1983. 'What is Cultural Studies Anyway?', Annali Anglistica, XXVI, Nos. 1 - 2, pp. 1 - 75. (Lecture given at Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples and published in Italy. Reprinted as CCCS Stencilled Occasional Paper, No.75, 1983; for later - revised -versions see 1986 and 1987a).

2002. Richard Johnson 'Defending Ways of Life: The (Anti-) Terrorist Rhetorics of Bush and Blair' Theory, Culture and Society Special Issue on 'State of Emergency' Vol, 19 No. 4 (August) 211-32.

2004. Washington's Favourite: Blairism and the Blood Price of the International. In Deborah Lynn Steinberg and Richard Johnson (eds) Blairism and the War of Persuasion: New Labour's Passive Revolution London: Lawrence and Wishart

2007. 'Post-Hegemony? I Don’t Think So' Theory, Culture and Society Vol 24 No.3: 95-110.

出版作品

197O. 'Educational Policy and Social Control in Early Victorian England', Past & Present , No. 49, November, pp. 96 - 119.
- reprinted in P. Stansky (ed.), The Victorian Revolution: Government and Society in Victorian Britain, New Viewpoints, New York, 1972, pp. 199 - 227.

1972. 'Administrators in Education before 187O: Patronage, Social Position and Role' in Gillian Sutherland (ed.), Studies in the Growth of Nineteenth-Century Government, Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 11O- 138.

1975. 'Trade Unionism and the Academics: Swansea 1974', Council For Academic Freedom and Democracy, London, 3Opp.

1976a. 'Notes on the Schooling of the English Working Class' in Roger Dale, Geoff Esland and Madeleine McDonald (eds)., Schooling and Capitalism, Routledge and Kegan Paul/Open University Press, pp. 44 - 54.

1976b. 'Barrington Moore, Perry Anderson and English Social Development', Working Papers in Cultural Studies , No. 9, pp. 7 - 28 (First published as 'Peculiarities of the English Route', CCCS Stenciled Paper, No. 26, 1975, 34pp).

1976c. Cultural History Group, 'Out of the People: The Politics of Containment 1935 - 1945', Working Papers in Cultural Studies, No. 9, pp. 29 - 5O.

1976-77. '"Really Useful Knowledge": Counter Education - The Early Working-Class Tradition, 179O -1848', Radical Education, No. 7 Winter, pp. 2O - 23 and No 8, Spring, pp. 22 - 24.

1977a. 'Elementary Education' in Gillian Sutherland et al., Government and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Education, Irish University Press, pp. 3 - 43.

1977b. Dan Finn, Neil Grant and Richard Johnson, 'Social Democracy, Education and the Crisis' , Working Papers in Cultural Studies, No. 1O, pp. 147 - 198 (First published as CCCS Stenciled Paper, No. 52, 73pp).
- reprinted in Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, On Ideology, Hutchinson, 1978, pp. 144 - 195.

1977c. '"Educating the Educators": "Experts" and the State, 1833-39' in A Donajgrodski (ed.), Social Control in Victorian England, Croom Helm, pp. 77 - 1O7.

1978a. Richard Johnson, Gregor McLennan and Bill Schwarz, 'Economy. Culture and Concept: Three Approaches to Marxist History', CCCS Stencilled Paper, No. 5O. 71pp.

1978b. 'Edward Thompson, Eugene Genovese, and Socialist Humanist History', History Workshop Journal, No. 6, pp. 79 - 1OO.

1979a. 'Histories of Culture/Theories of Ideology: Notes on an Impasse' in Michelle Barrett et al. (eds.), Ideology and Cultural Production, Routledge and Kegan Paul and St Martin's Press, New York, pp. 49 - 77.

1979b. John Clarke, Chas Critcher and Richard Johnson (eds.), Working-Class Culture : Studies in History and Theory, Hutchinson, 3OOpp.

Author in the same volume of:
(i) 'Culture and the Historians', pp. 41 - 71.

(ii) 'Really Useful Knowledge: Radical Education and Working-Class Culture 179O-1848', pp. 75 - 1O2.

(iii) 'Three Problematics: Elements of a Theory of Working-Class Culture', pp. 2O1 - 237.

198Oa. 'Kulturalistische Geschichtsschreibung bie Thompson u.Genovese', Das Argument, No. 119, Jan/Feb., pp.39 - 49.

198Ob.'Barrington Moore, Perry Anderson and English Social Development' in Stuart Hall et al., (ed.), Culture. Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972 - 1979, Hutchinson, pp. 48 - 7O (reprinted from 1975 with a new Postscript).

198Oc. Education Group (CCCS), Unpopular Education: Schooling and Social Democracy in England since 1944, Hutchinson (Joint editor of whole text; wrote main drafts of Chapters 1,2,4,6 & 7).

198Od. 'Cultural Studies and Educational Practice', Screen Education, No. 34, Spring, pp. 5 -16.

1981a. 'Education and Popular Politics', Open University Unit, Course E353: Society, Education and the State, Block 1, Unit 1, Open University Press, 53pp.

1981b. 'Against Absolutism,' in Raphael Samuel (ed.), People's History and Socialist Theory, Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 386 - 396.

1982a. Richard Johnson, Gregor McLennan, Bill Schwarz and David Sutton (eds.), Making Histories: Studies in the Politics of History Writing, Hutchinson, 378pp. Also published, with an introduction by Mary Jo Maynes, by University of Minnesota Press in USA, 1982.

Author in the same volume of:

(i) 'Reading for the Best Marx: History-Writing and Historical Abstraction', pp. 153 - 2O1.

(ii) with Graham Dawson for Popular Memory Group, 'On Popular Memory', pp. 2O5 - 252 (also published in part as 'What Do We Mean by Popular Memory?', CCCS Stencilled Paper, No. 67, 1982).

1982b. 'Cultuuronderzoek en onderwijsonderzoek: bijdragen en kritiek' in Els Dierkerhof (ed.), Leren, Weot Moet Je Ermee?, Dick Coutino, Muiderberg, Netherlands, pp. 139 - 16O.

1982c. CCCS Media Group, 'Fighting Over Peace: Representations of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in the Media, 1981, CCCS Stencilled Paper, No. 72, 9Opp

1983a. 'What is Cultural Studies Anyway?', Annali Anglistica, XXVI, Nos. 1 - 2, pp. 1 - 75. (Lecture given at Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples and published in Italy. Reprinted as CCCS Stencilled Occasional Paper, No.75, 1983; for later - revised -versions see 1986 and 1987a).

1983b. 'Educational Politics: the old and the new' in AnneMarie Wolpe & James Donald (eds.), Is There Anyone Here from Education?: Education After Thatcher, Pluto Press, pp. 11 - 26.

1983c. 'British Education and Monetarism' in World University Service, Education Under Monetarism: Day Conference, 19 March 1983, W.U.S., pp. 19 - 26.

1985. 'Media Production and Consumption: A Possible Teaching Sequence' in Christopher Points (ed.), Working Papers in Media Studies for Secondary Teachers, Clwydd L.E.A., pp. 9 - 32.

1986.'The Story So Far: And Further Transformations' in David Punter (ed.), Introduction to Contemporary Cultural Studies, Longmans, pp. 277-313.

1987a. 'What is Cultural Studies Anyway?', Social Text, No.16 (Winter), pp. 38-8O (edited and revised from 1983).

1987b. 'Leisure Studies As Cultural Studies: Critical Approaches' in Ernst Meijer (ed.), Everyday Life, Leisure, Culture, Centrum voor Vrjetijdskunde, Tilburg, Netherlands, pp. 2O7 - 218.

1987c. 'Cultural Studies and English Studies - Approaches to Nationalism, Narrative and Identity', Hard Times: Deutsch-Englische Zeitschrift, No. 31, pp. 3 - 1O (Transcript of lecture at conference on 'Cultures in Conflict' in Berlin).

1988. '"Really Useful Knowledge" 179O-185O: Memories of Education in the 198Os' in Tom Lovett (ed.), Radical Approaches to Adult Education: A Reader, Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 3 - 34.

1989a. 'Thatcherism and English Education: Breaking the Mould or Confirming the Pattern?', History of Education, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 91-121.

1989b. 'Cultural Studies in a Strong State', English Magazine, No. 22, pp. 1O - 14.

199O. Birmingham Cultural Studies (Education Group II), Education Limited: Schooling, Training and the New Right since 1979, Unwin Hyman. I was the main editor for this volume and wrote:

(i) 'A New Road to Serfdom? A Critical History of the 1988 Education Act'
(ii) 'My New Right Education'
(iii) 'Ten Theses on a Monday Morning'

1991a. ' Frameworks of Culture and Power: Complexity and Politics in Cultural Studies' , Critical Studies, Vol 3 , No. 1, Spring 1991, pp. 17 -61. Also published in book form as Critical Studies: Cultural Studies - Crossing Boundaries Rodopi, Amsterdam.

1991b. ‘Two Ways to Remember: Exploring Memory as Identity’ in Nothing Bloody Stands Still: Annual Magazine of the European Network of Cultural and Media Studies, Amsterdam, Cultural Studies Foundation, Amsterdam.

1992 'Radical Traditions? Radical Education and The New Right' in Ali Rattansi and David Reeder (eds.), Radicalism in Education: Essays on the Politics, Theory and History of Educational Reform, Lawrence and Wishart. (Essays in Honour of Professor Brian Simon).

1993a ‘Towards a Cultural Theory of the Nation: A British-Dutch Dialogue’
in A. Galema, B.Henkes and H.te Velde (eds), Images of the Nation: Different Meanings of Dutchness 1870 -1940 Rodopi, Amsterdam pp.159 - 217.

1993b ‘Everyday Life - National and Other Identities’ in Ute Bechdolf et al. (eds), Watching Europe: A Media and Cultural Studies Reader, Tubinger Vereinigung fur Volkskune/ Amsterdam Cultural Studies Foundation, pp. 98 -118

1994a ‘Education: Where are We Now, Where have We Been and Where are we Going’ Address to Annual Conference of the Humanities Association, Humanities Resource, Spring, Vol. 7, Issue 1.

1994b co-authored with Debbie Epstein, ‘On the Straight and the Narrow: The Heterosexual Presumption, Homophobias and Schools’ , in Debbie Epstein (ed.), Challenging Lesbian and Gay Inequalities in Education (Open University Press , Buckingham, pp. 197 -230.

1994c ’Cultural Studies: Tradition or Process?’ (Review Essay) Curriculum Studies: A Journal of Educational Discussion and Debate, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.351 -359.

1994d ‘Reading National Heritage as Social Politics’ in Werkgroep Andere Tijden (eds. Barbara Henkes and Klaartje Schweizer), Over Vaderleandse Herinnering, Sociale Politiek En Andere (Tijden Werkgroep Andere Tijden, Amsterdam).

1996a ‘Sexual Dissonances: or The “Impossibility” of Sexuality Education’, Curriculum Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1996) pp. 163-189.

1996b ‘Hard Rulers’, ‘Freedom’, ‘White Fright’ (poems) in Máirtín Mac an Ghaill (ed.), Understanding Masculinities: Social Relations and Cultural Arenas Open University Press, 1996, pp.17-20, 95-96, 183-84.

1996c ‘Beyond Diversity: Europe as a Re-Negotiated Identity’ in Hans-Peter Baumeister (ed), What is Europe?- Revisited: New Contexts for European Studies, Tubingen: Deutches Institut fur Fernstudienforschung.

1997a Deborah Steinberg, Debbie Epstein and Richard Johnson (eds) Border Patrols: Policing the Boundaries of Heterosexuality Cassell .

As well as editing this volume I wrote:

Chapter 1: ‘Contested Borders, Contingent Lives’

Chapter 9: ‘Grievous Recognitions: Poems of Love, Loss and Reparation’
(part I) and ‘The Grieving Process and Sexual Identity: A Commentary ’ (part 2).

1997b ‘Teaching Without Guarantees: Cultural Studies, Pedagogy and Identity’ in D. Epstein and J. Canaan (eds), A Question of Discipline: Teaching Cultural Studies Westview Press .

1997c ‘Re-Inventing Cultural Studies: Remembering for the Best Version’ in Elizabeth Long (ed.), From Cultural Studies To Sociology Blackwell, .

1997d ‘Sexual Emergenc(i)es: Cultural Theories and Contemporary Cultural Politics’ Key Words: A Journal of Cultural Materialism Vol I, No. 1 (November) 74-94.

1997e Hair Lines’ (poem) in Anatomy: New Writing From The Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham: NTU.

1998a Debbie Epstein and Richard Johnson, Schooling Sexualities Open University Press.

1998b‘Complex Authorships: Intellectual Co-Production as A Strategy for the Times’ Angelaki, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Autumn): 189-204.

1999a ‘“ Politics By Other Means?” Teaching Cultural Studies in the Academy is a Political Practice’ in Nannette Aldred and Martin Ryle (eds) Teaching Culture, Cultures of Teaching NIACE.

1999b. ‘Exemplary Differences: Mourning (and Not Mourning) a Princess’ in Adrian Kear and Deborah Lynn Steiberg (eds) , Mourning Diana, Routledge

2000a With Debbie Epstein and Deborah Steinberg, ‘Twice Told Tales: Transformation, Recuperation and Emergence in the Age of Consent Debates 1998’, Sexualities Vol. 3, No. 1 (February): 5-30.

2000b'Academics Under Pressure; Power and Paradigm in Two Historical Periods' in Martijn Eickhoff, Barbara Henkes and Frank van Free (eds.) Volksiegen: Ras, Cultuur en Wetenschap in Nederland 1900-1950 Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentayie/Walburg Press: 190-212.

2001 Richard Johnson 'Historical Returns: Transdisciplinarity, Cultural Studies and History' European Journal of Cultural Studies IV, 3:261-88 (August 2001).

2002a Barbara Henkes and Richard Johnson, ' Silences Across Disciplines: Folklore Studies, Cultural Studies and History', Journal of Folklore Studies 39, 2/3 (May-December)125-46.

2002b Richard Johnson 'Defending Ways of Life: The (Anti-) Terrorist Rhetorics of Bush and Blair' Theory, Culture and Society Special Issue on 'State of Emergency' Vol, 19 No. 4 (August) 211-32.

2003a Hilary Pilkington and Richard Johnson (eds) 'Peripheral Youth: Special Issue of The European Journal of Cultural Studies. Vol 6, No. 3 (August).

2003b Hilary Pilkington and Richard Johnson, 'Peripheral Youth: Relations of Identity and Power in global/local context' in Pilkington and Johnson 2003a: 59-83.

2003c 'Equality', 'Alternative', 'Radical' and 'Socialism' in Tony Bennett, Lawrence Grossberg and Meigan Morris (eds) New Keywords London, Sidney and New York : Routledge.

2003d Preface to Mary Kehily, Sexuality, Gender and Schooling Open University Press.

2004a Richard Johnson, Deborah Chambers, Parvati Raghuram and Estella Tincknell The Practice Of Cultural Studies London: Sage.

2004b Deborah Lynn Steinberg and Richard Johnson (eds) Blairism and the War of Persuasion: New Labour's Passive Revolution London: Lawrence and Wishart

In addition to editing this collection I wrote:
With Deborah Steinberg:
Introduction
Chapter 14 Washington's Favourite: Blairism and the Blood Price of the International

With Deborah Steinberg and Debbie Epstein:
Chapter 5 Thrice Told Tales: Modernising Sexualities in the Age of Consent

With Valerie Walkerdine:
Chapter 6 Transformations Under Pressure: New Labour, Class, Gender and Young Women

2004c'Masculinities on a New Frontier? Bush, Blair and the War on Terror' Soundings:A Journal of Politics and Culture No 28 (Winter):75-86.

2006 Terrible Twins: An Inquiry Into the Links Between Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapons, Leicester: East Midlands CND (booklet).

2007a 'Post-Hegemony? I Don’t Think So' Theory, Culture and Society Vol 24 No.3: 95-110.

2007b 'Entangled Histories: Introduction to Section 6: History' in Ann Gray, Jan Campbell, Mark Erickson, Stuart Hanson and Helen Wood (eds) CCCS Selected Working Papers 2 Vols London: Routledge Vol 2:761-773.

2007c 'A Response to The Future of Nuclear Power: The Role of Nuclear Power in a Low Carbon UK Economy, UK Government Consultation Document' for East Midlands Campaign For Nuclear Disarmament, Nottingham: EMCND.(booklet)

2007d Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons: The Dangerous Dynamic of Nuclear Revival Nottingham: East Midlands Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (pamphlet)

2008a forthcoming, Preface to Scharf, Inga Nation and Identity in the New German Cinema: Homeless at Home London: Routledge.

2008b forthcoming, Introduction to Brent, Jeremy, In Search of Community: Representation ,Power and Action on an Urban Estate, London: National Youth Bureau.

2008c forthcoming 'University Challenge: Neo-Liberalism Versus the Socially Concrete' in Joyce Canaan and Wes Shuma (eds) Structure and Agency in the Neo-liberal University New York: Routledge.

2008-10-26

1025之後

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